Rewards Management Incentives For Employees

Rewards Management Incentives For Employees Reward management is whereby organisations distribute different types of incentive to employees both in the form of direct and indirect monetary and non-monetary rewards according to their contribution (Armstrong 1999). It is also an essential part of encouraging employees to work as you want, so that those goals are met. The goal of the reward management is to improve the overall organisations output and performance by developing a system aimed at rewarding employees of the organisation based on their contribution to the organisation (Armstrong Murlis 2007). In doing so, the employees will feel that they belong part of the organisation as their works are being recognised by their superiors. This will at the same time, create a sense of belonging and improve employees loyalty to the organisation. What are the exact roles played by the reward management in the organisations? Firstly, it allows the organisations to attract and retain suitable employees by paying the employees based on their excellent performance and ensuring direct and indirect rewards thus implying the organization recognises and values manpower. Therefore organisations are able to control labour costs so they can remain aggressive in the competitive market. Secondly, rewards improve employees work performance and keep them motivated. As all organisations want to improve productivity and enhance profit, effective reward management systems which lead to a more committed workforce will certainly play an important role. In addition, by having an effective rewards system, it will motivate employees to showcase their skills and abilities to obtain effective performance. Lastly, comply with employment legislation and regulations as employment laws changes occasionally in the UK and European Union hence the need make some modification (Bratton Gold 1999). What kinds of recognition and rewards do employees want most (Nelson 2003)? Nelson (2003) stated that employees value managerial support and involvement in organisation future projects. Being part of decision making, support them when they made mistakes and giving them trust and authority in doing their job. There are different types of praise employees wants, mainly personal praise, written praise, public praise and electronic praise. In this essay, I will mention about how rewards are seen as a powerful tools for driving cultural change in organisation in Singapore using Singapore Airlines, as an example, to show how rewards can drive cultural change. I will also mention whether rewards play a role in managing cultural and change in firm operating internationally with specific example from Pakistan. Also, some negative impacts of the reward system will also be discussed. Rewards system in Singapore During the 1960s-1980s, incentives such as rewards, benefits and recognition are not highly practice in the labour force. As the people then were poorly educated and the lack of family planning resulted in a large family, the heads of the family (mainly the fathers) most of the time do not have much bargaining power as they have only one think in mind, that is to support their family member at all cost. In order to feed their, they have to do whatever the company want them to and they would take on any jobs that were available to them. They did not expect any bonus and incentives from the company and they were easily satisfied as long as they can support their family. However as the government shift from labour intensive industry to knowledge base industry people are getting more highly educated than before, (people no longer stop at A or Diploma) more people will pursue higher education such degree. They no longer have the burden to support the family, like what their parents used to experience thus they no longer have the sense of loyalty and have more tendency to job hop whenever better opportunity comes about. They will tend to be fussy about the job they work in, choose jobs that they fancy or a better organisation who can give them higher benefits. Therefore organisations now have to come up with effective reward and recognition scheme to attract employees. It is proven that highly motivated employees will come up with high quality performance and by rewarding them it will also lead to employee job satisfaction. Singapore Airlines (SIA) is one organisation in Singapore who promotes motivating their staffs through rewards and recognition. Singapore Airlines adopt a series of rewards and recognition which include interesting and varied job content, symbolic forms of recognition and performance-based share options (Heracleous, Wirtz Pangarkar 2006). Recently SIA introduced a new benefit scheme rewarding their crews monetary whereby the company associated many types of variable components to the organisation financial performance such as salary according to the individual employee contribution to the organisation and profit sharing incentive (Wirtz, Heracleous Pangarkar 2008). A non-monetary form of motivation and recognition which the organisation came up with is by awarding the best crew with best cabin crew service award. By obtaining this award, it will boost the morale of the crew thus stimulate them to work harder. Another form of recognising service excellence is by communication. The a nnual Deputy Chairmans Award, Mr Sim stress the importance of recognition, We know that a pat on the back, a good ceremony, photographs and write-ups in the newsletters can be more motivating than mere financial rewards, hence we put in a lot of effort to ensure that heroes and heroines are recognised for their commitment and dedication (Heracleous, Wirtz Pangarkar 2006 p.165.) With such attractive reward scheme, the crew are highly motivated hence producing high quality service. All these factors helped SIA to build and sustain excellence service consistently for over few decades therefore Singapore Airlines was being crowned one of the best airlines in the world. Reward system in Parkistan Pakistan is developing into one of the more developed country in the world therefore in order to be kept up to date, the working environment is becoming more and more competitive. Organisation productivity is dependent on the employees hence employees request for extra training, skills and attractive package such as incentives, working conditions, recognitions and fringe benefits (Warsi, Fatima Sahibzada 2009). In every organisation, the performance of employees plays a crucial role in the organisation accomplishment. The success of an organisation is how an organisation keeps its employees motivated and shows how they value their employees. Nowadays people do not want to stay or work in an organisation for long, they will see there is any better opportunity outside and get better job prospect for that reason the relationship between organisation commitment and rewards and recognitions plays a crucial role in retaining good employees. In the recent year, many organisations hope that, through different types of incentive and performance recognition, to improve employee commitment and their performance in the organisation as rewards are being identified as the most important tool in recognising their contribution and performance (Danish Usman 2010). Rewards are deemed as a motivational tool for employees today as it able to motivate them thus increasing job performance and satisfaction. By motivating employees organisations can also increase their productivity by giving them recognition which will eventually lead to increasing organisation performance. There are many types of incentive, in the form of financial rewards (improved pay and performance bonuses), promotions and incentives (parental leave for sick children and family day) that satisfy employee to a certain extent. It has also been showed that rewards are required to ensure committed employees feel appreciated and to keep them motivated and committed (Dan ish Usman 2010). Rewards and recognitions is a form of communication with employees. It is a way to acknowledge their hard work, appreciate, motivate and to keep them committed. Thus employees feel that what they have done is being recognised and this will ultimately lead to increased employees loyalty and job satisfaction. Despite all the advantages of reward system, there is an also a disadvantage side of reward system. Although the reward system can motivate employees to do better in their work, it can also have a negative impact of the organisation. This is because rewards are usually very limited and precious, and as a result, this reward system has increased the competiveness of the employees in the organisation. As only a few employees out of the whole organization are entitled, this will lead to unhealthy competition between different departments of the organisation and even within the department itself. This will eventually lead to lower productivity because people no longer willing to share their knowledge with one another as they are afraid that others might have the upper hand to obtain the reward. In order not to lose out, they will no longer share their knowledge so in long term, this might not be beneficial as what they initially thought. In the commercial bank of Pakistan, they agree that rewards and recognitions play a significant role in helping the organisation achieving organisation efficiency. Employee motivation is identified as one of the main issues in the commercial banks. In todays competitive world, the organisation has to work closely together with the employees in order to remain competitive among peers. As the banking industry contributes to a large extent to the economy of the nation, it is important to ensure that employees are motivated since employees play an important role in todays highly competitive banking sector. The management of the bank have to come out with different ways to attract and motivate the employees since for most of the commercial banks, employee loyalty and motivation are important issues as it is not an uncommon scene to see a promising employees joined to a rival bank. As the employees play an important role in the banking industry to provide good service to the customers, their enthusiastic, commitment and determination towards job completion play essential role in the success of the bank (Khan, Farooq Ullah, cited in Cheng 2010). By providing excellent service, customers will have a good impression and developed a positive perception in their eyes. This is especially important for the banking sector. According to Khan, Farooq Ullah (cited in Petcharak 2010), maintaining employee satisfaction with their jobs has been included as one of the job scope for the human resource manager. This strongly suggests the importance of employee motivation. To improve the productivity of the organisation, it is important to have a pool of highly motivated employee. In order to achieve that, reward and recognition system plays an important role. This system not only provides financial rewards but also it encourages their morale and consciousness with regard to their job, resulting in improvement of individual performance which eventually benefited the entire team and even the organisation. It has also been reported that poor employee and organisation performance is usually caused by workplace displeasure. Conclusion From the example taken from both domestically and international firms, we can see a strong relationship between reward and organisations productivity. This strongly highlights the importance of reward system in todays labour market. Therefore rewards play an important role in ensuring that an organisation remains competitive and productive. Rewards lead to increasing employees motivation and job satisfaction which in turn lead to organisation profitability. Reward systems come from theories of motivation and experimental research evaluation strategies to motivate employees will affect job performance. Two most common of theories which discussed work motivation includes Maslow and Herzberg. Maslow states that higher-order needs become progressively more important as lower-order needs are satisfied (Bratton Gold 1999). Herzberg demonstrated that motivation of employees play a significant source of satisfaction when it comes to a form of reward (Bratton Gold 1999). Even though rewards might have some negative impacts on the organisation, with proper planning of the reward and recognition system I strong believe that the advantages of this system will surely outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore it can be seen that rewards do play an important role in managing cultural changes in firms operating domestically and internationally. Word Count: 1916 words References List Armstrong, M 1999, A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 7th edn, Kogan Page Limited, The Bath Press, Bath. Armstrong, M Murlis, H 2007, Reward Management: A Handbook of Remuneration Strategy and Practice, 5th edn, MPG Books Ltd, Great Britain. Bratton, J Gold, J 1999, Human Resource Management Theory and practice, 2nd edn, Macmillan Press Ltd, Great Britain at The Bath Press, Avon. Danish, RQ Usman, A 2010, Impact of Reward and Recognition on Job Satisfaction and Motivation: An Empirical Study from Parkistan, International Journal of Business and Management, February, vol. 5, no.2, pp. 159-167, viewed 9 August 2010, Proquest Database. Heracleous, L, Wirtz, J Pangarkar, N 2006, Flying High in a Competitive Industry Cost-Effective Service Excellence at Singapore Airlines, Mc Graw-Hill Education (Asia), Singapore. Khan, KU, Farooq, SU Ullah, MI 2010, The Relationship between Rewards and Employee Motivation in Commercial Banks in Parkistan, Research Journal of International Studies, issue 14, pp.1-18, viewed 16 August 2010, Proquest Database. Nelson, B 2003, Five Questions About Employee Recognition and Reward, Harvard Management Update, September, vol. 8, issue 9, p. 3, viewed 9 August 2010, Proquest Database. Wirtz, J, Heracleous, L Pangarkar, N 2008, Managing human resources for service excellence and cost effectiveness at Singapore Airlines, Managing Service Quality, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 4-19, viewed 9 August 2010, Proquest Database. Warsi, S, Fatima, N Sahibzada SA 2009, Study on Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and its Determinants among Private Sector Employees of Parkistan, International Review of Business Research Papers, April, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 399-410, viewed 9 August 2010, Proquest Database.

Political Science Essay

MSC is a state college funded by the national government and is recognized by the Commission on Higher Education, offering full degree courses in Education, Agriculture, Allied Medicine, Arts and Sciences, Business and Management, Criminal Justice Education, Engineering, Fisheries, Industrial Technology, Information and Computing Sciences, It’s main campus is located at Boac while it has three campuses in Torrijos, Gasan and Santa Cruz Marinduque. Its vision is to become one of the premier colleges in the region, along the fields of instruction, research, extension and production. With the mission of providing quality, responsive, and dynamic leadership in the areas of Education, Technology, Engineering, Environment, Agriculture, Fisheries, Culture, Arts and Sciences to empower God fearing individuals who are innovators and protectors for the sustainable development of the province and the country as a whole. One of its campuses, MSC Santa Cruz offers Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. It is designed to provide students with a broad education in Political Science that prepares students for a wide range of career and employment opportunities. It is considered as the best preparation for a career in law, in government and politics, diplomatic service, and in non-governmental and international organizations. It provides students with formal training in the theoretical and empirical methods in the discipline of Political Science. Students, through their electives, may opt to further specialize in any of the core areas of International Relations, Local and Global Governance, Comparative Politics, Public Management and Political Theory. This study is designed to identify the reasons why students lost their interest in studying a course that is define to be social science dealing with political institutions and with the principles and conduct of government. Furthermore, it strives to identify the contributing factor that affects the continuous decreasing of enrolment of the said course in for the last 2 years. Objectives of the Study The study will focus on determining the reasons why there is a continuous decreasing number of enrollees in the Political Science Course. It will specifically focus on: 1. Determine the profile of the respondents according to: A.) Age B.) Gender C.) Year Level 2. Find the factors that affect the decreasing number of enrollment in AB political Science. 3. Determine the effects of the decreasing number of enrollees to the Political Science Program. 4. Determine the effects of the decreasing number of enrollees of the Political Science Course to the MSC Community as a whole. Significance of the Study This study attempts to determine the factors that affecting the continuous decreasing number of enrollees of Bachelor of Arts Major in Political Science in MSC Santa Cruz Branch. The result of this study may help the school administration to provide new academic programs and policies to strengthen or increase the enrollment of Bachelor of Arts Major in Political Science. Thus, MSC Santa Cruz Campus and administration may benefit from the study, for it will give ideas on how to develop and enhance the current curriculum for AB Political Science. This study may also help the institution to develop the commercial in the career program whenever they visit secondary schools in Marinduque. Moreover, the results of this study may help parents be aware of the factors why students drop-out from these courses. It may also help parents improved their relationship when it comes to decision making on what course what course to take in college. Scope and Delimitation Since the primary objective of this study is to cite factors that affect the continuous decreasing numbers of enrollees of AB Political Science course in MSC Santa Cruz Campus, this study limits particularly on: students of Political Science who did not continue or change their course or transfer to other college or university within the S.Y. 2010-2012. The former students will be used as respondents to determine the factors that affect their decision in changing course or dropping out of school. This study considered students’ demographic profile that might have an impact on their decision making such as their age, gender and year level. One on one interview with the respondents, parents and teachers will be done in order to accomplish more in-depth information. This study will be conducted for 3 months within the month of July to October. Questionnaires, Interviews and Observation will be used to identify the Factors that affect the decreasing number of enrolees of AB-Political Science in MSC Santa Cruz Campus. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE During our research, we reviewed these, professional journal articles, mission statements, websites, government reports, school reports and in-depth analyses. Not much analysis has been published concerning our research question. However, many published works discussed some aspects that can help in our research. We discuss the related works below: Political Science Definition (According to Sanorjo, 1992) Political science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politics. Hence, Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems and political behavior. Political scientists â€Å"see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including anthropology, public policy, national politics, economics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, sociology, history, law, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle. Political science is commonly divided into three distinct sub-disciplines which together constitute the field: political philosophy, comparative politics and international relations. Political philosophy is the reasoning for an absolute normative government, laws and similar questions and their distinctive characteristics. Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, legislature and associated fields, all of them from an intrastate perspective. International relations deal with the interaction between nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations. Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in social research. Approaches include positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behavioralism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research and model building. (According to Saviours Hub, 2007), the importance of political science is the application of political powers and authority in the realm of government structures. The ordinary citizens may know and learn about their political rights and privileges from a given form of government including the political structure and processes of the state. Therefore, from the understandings of these basic concepts of government, state, laws and institutions those who would study political science must know its importance and function, relationship with other discipline and broader understanding to its specific roles of individual in a civilized society. The students and professionals should not only know the political theories but also deeper insights as to its application in their own field of expertise. Thus the study of political science will also include the empirical investigation of political facts through social research and the application of critical thinking. The key words in the comprehensive analysis on the principles of political science are state, government, law, institution, power relationships, legal process, constitutions and politics. These are the important dimensions to study political science that need to be constantly in touchs to mold the citizens in achieving quality of life to our society. Why students choose Political Science (According to Bellamy Moon), The study of political science prepares one not only for employment, but for life as an informed citizen ready to participate in political activities within interest groups or political parties; related to community organization and political advocacy; or even service as an elected or appointed official. Political science has been called â€Å"the queen of the sciences,† and rightly so. It is the only major where one can obtain practical knowledge and at the same time gain insights into the great issues of our age. What, for example, are the causes and institutional forces behind conflicts between the President and the chairman of a congressional committee? Are nations threatening an armed confrontation? What lies behind this conflict? Is there public and media frenzy over a certain policy? Why do people react this way and is it justified? What is the human condition? What is the meaning of civil society, and what is the individual’s place in it? When you study Political Science you will think about these questions often. You will be able to answer them better than you could otherwise thanks to an understanding of the Presidency and Congress, international relations, political ideologies, and political theory. The knowledge and critical skills gained from the study of politics will enable you to be a more rational citizen, a more constructive participant in public affairs, and a better professional in any vocation that deals with the public domain, including important positions in corporations, government and non-profit organizations. Political Science is a broad and inclusive discipline. Some political scientists are psychological researchers who want to understand why people behave the way they do politically. Some political scientists study institutions such as legislatures, courts, and bureaucracies. Others seek to know the whys and wherefores of judicial processes and constitutional issues. Some study foreign political systems to learn how their political systems work and why they differ from ours and each other. Other political scientists are intellectual historians and social critics who are interested in the quest for the good society. Still others are policy analysts. Some are omnibus students of American politics. Some are statistical theorists and specialists in surveying political attitudes. Some investigate the causes of war and the conditions for peace among nations. Amid this wide diversity of interests and approaches lies a common concern with anything â€Å"political†: issues, institutions, behavior, power, and public goods. Political scientists also share a common interest: the public arena of human society, the uses of power and persuasion, and the ideas which shape it. The different pursuits and the varied methodologies of political scientists all are directed in one way or another toward promoting this common goal of understanding politics. Factors Affecting the Decrease of Enrollment in Schools (According to Charles Pearson, chows Contributor), Education plays a major role in the future economic success and well-being of an individual. Therefore, parents and educators are often concerned when students leave school. However, schools are also often worried about losing funding during periods of low enrollment, especially when a large number of students attend alternative schools or move out of the area. Lower birth rates influence school enrollment. When the general area has fewer children in general, the schools have enrollment shortages that can lead to decreased funding and teacher layoffs. Population affects the enrollment rates. Areas that have people moving away will have lower school enrollments. Also, if no one is moving into the school district, lower birth rates in general can gradually decrease school enrollments. These problems are frequent in rural areas and exacerbate the already limited funding that these schools receive. The number of businesses in a given are a is positively correlated to school enrollment. Geographic areas with fewer businesses have decreased school enrollment. Unemployment rates do not significantly influence enrollment rates, according to studies conducted by the Center for Rural Pennsylvania. Some reform policies have decreased school enrollments. For example, in Chicago, reforms designed to prepare students for high school have lead to decreased school enrollment in high school as fewer students pass through the promotion gate. Low achieving students were the most likely to not enroll in high school. The transition into high school often causes students to drop out of school. Many students cannot handle the transition towards more autonomy. Some schools have sought to ease the transition by having extended elementary schools which go until 9th grade, with a greater emphasis on preparing the students for the high school environment. Some students drop out of school so that they can pursue employment. Some students are forced into financial situations in which they need to work to bring an income in that can support themselves and their f amily. Some families do not value education and prefer that their children enter the workforce. Pregnancy sometimes leads to high school dropout. Pregnant teens often cannot handle the stress of simultaneous pregnancy and education. Other times, doctors predict that the teen will give birth around a time when the teen has crucial academic events such as exams that determine whether or not the teen passes. Some students have poor grades or attendance. As a result, they do not feel that they can graduate and instead choose to drop out. Students cannot drop out of high school until they are 16. Therefore, reaching this age provides students with the opportunity to drop out of high school. Some parents choose to send their children to private schools. Other parents choose to home school their children. These decisions are often made because the parents are not satisfied with the academic curriculum provided by the public schools, so they decrease the public school enrollment rates by pulling their children out. As Cost of Education Rises, Dropout Rates among Filipino Youths Soar (According to GLAIZA MAY MUZONES and JOSETTE EMILY DE JESUS, 2009), MANILA — with six children and an extended family to fend for, Edna Espinosa has already conditioned her children that the highest education they can achieve is high school. â€Å"Even if I wish they could finish college, we cannot really afford it,† Edna said in an interview with Bulatlat. Considering that her husband doesn’t earn much with his job as a plumber, Edna seeks the help of her children for their daily expenses. Glenn, one of the two children of Edna who was able to get to college, said that after graduating from high school, he had to stop schooling for three years and work as a dishwasher in a restaurant so he could send himself to school. At 26, he took up a computer-technology course at STI College, with tuition of P20, 000 (about $422) per semester. Earning a measly amount of P4, 000 ($84) a month, he wasn’t able to enroll himself this coming semester because of the increase in tuition. From P20, 000, the tuition soared to P25, 000 ($527), excluding other expenses for school projects. He should have been in second year. Glenn is among many Filipino youth who cannot afford the increasing cost of education due to incessant tuition increases every year. The dropout rate has worsened over the years as school-aged children are compelled to work and help their parents earn money for their family’s daily expenses. Based on 2008 data from the Commission on Higher Education (CHEd), out of 100 Grade One pupils, only 66 finish Grade Six. Only 58 of the 66 go on to enroll in first-year high school and only 43 finish high school. Of the 43 who finished high school, only 23 enroll in college and only 14 of the 23 graduate from college. The Increase of tuition fee is one factor. â€Å"The average tuition rate both at the national level and in the National Capital Region (NCR) has doubled under the Arroyo administration,† Kabataan Rep. Raymond Palatino said in a privilege speech on May 18 titled, â€Å"The Tragedy of the Philippine Education.† Citing data from CHEd, Palatino revealed that the national average tuition rate has increased by as much as 89.93 percent, from P230.79 ($4.526 at the average 2001 exchange rate of $1=P50.99) in school year 2001-2002 to P437.10 ($9.829 at the 2008 average exchange rate of $1=P44.47) last school year. The Metro Manila average rate, on the other hand, went up by a whopping 94.54 percent, from P439.59 ($8.62) to P855.20 ($19.23) in the same period. Metro Manila has the highest average tuition rate per unit of P855.2 for the school year 2008-2009 This means that for a regular 21-unit load, students are paying P17,959.20 ($403.849) every semester for the tuition alone. Based on its own monitoring, the National Union of Students of the Philippines (NUSP) cited several schools in Metro Manila that will increase their tuition this coming school year amid the global financial crisis and despite appeals from CHEd. Among these are Lyceum of the Philippines, with a five-percent increase in tuition and another five-percent increase in miscellaneous fees; University of the East, five-percent tuition increase; Far Eastern University, six-percent tuition increase. The Philippine School of Business and Arts, 15-percent tuition increase; San Beda College, 20-percent tuition increase; University of Santo Tomas, seven-percent tuition increase for incoming first and third Year students and 8.52-percent tuition increase to incoming 4th year students, according to the NUSP Tuition Watch. Palatino criticized the practice of some schools to get profit even without increasing tuition. â€Å"A school can forgo tuition increase and they can boast that there is no tuitio n hike. But it does not say that there is an increase in miscellaneous fees, in superfluous and exorbitant fees,† Palatino said in an interview with Bulatlat. The youth representative said the energy fee, development fee, accreditation fee, athletics fee, internet fee, insurance fee and air condition fee are just some of the questionable fees being collected in private schools. â€Å"Such tactic has proven to be very profitable to school owners. Unlike tuition, miscellaneous fee of all sorts are not included in the tuition increase consultations provided under CHED Memorandum No. 13, the guidelines for tuition hike applications, which was recently re-implemented following the lifting of the tuition cap,† Palatino said in his speech. â€Å"In our country, education is a big business,† the NUSP said in its primer on the state of Philippine education. Palatino asserted that high cost of education does not guarantee good quality education. â€Å"Most private schools are prof it-oriented diploma mills. They exist for profit. They only give out diplomas and make students their milking cows.† According to Palatino, half of the unemployed in the country belong to the youth sector. One-third of newly graduates do not immediately get employed. â€Å"If we have a good quality of education in elementary and high school, not all youth need to enter college. In other countries you can still be employed even if you just finished high school. In our country, you need to finish and have a college degree for all kinds of available decent jobs,† said Palatino. Palatino also criticized the low budget of the national government for the education sector. â€Å"In other countries, tertiary education is highly subsidized by the state. In the Philippines, higher education is dominated by the private sector,† he told Bulatlat. Palatino said that the ideal spending on education should be 18 to 20 percent of the national budget, but the average spending on education in the Philippines is only 13 percent. The amount is equivalent to only 2.3 to 2.4 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is way below the prescribed standard of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNICCO), which states that six percent of GDP must be allotted to education. Because of the limited budget given to public schools, the funds provided for the facilities, salary of teachers, learning materials, and even school feeding programs are also inadequate, Palatino said. He said that despite the free tuition in public schools, it would cost around P15, 000 ($316.78) to P20, 000 ($422.38) to send a student to a public school. This amount covers the auxiliary needs of students that include school fees, books, school supplies, uniform, transportation, and food. Due to the small allocation of budget in education, public schools are forced to collect fees for other services. Palatino co-authored House Bill No. 2440 titled â€Å"An Act Imposing a Three Year Moratorium on Tuition and Other Fee Increases on All Educational Institutions,† principally authored by Bayan Muna Rep. Teddy Casino. The three-year moratorium on tuition hike will serve as a temporary relief for students in accordance with the estimate of the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) that the current economic crisis would last for three years. The bill is pending in the Lower House. For now, Glenn, like many other Filipino youth, will have to strive on his own to realize his dream. â€Å"I want to go back to college and receive a diploma,† he said.

Is persuasion ethical? Essay

This simple question has engaged scholars and practitioners alike. Aristotle and Plato discussed it. Machiavelli touched on it. So have modern communication scholars and social psychologists. And you can bet that practitioners—Tommy Hunger, Phil Knight, Donna Karan, even Michael Jordan—have given it a passing thought, no doubt on the way to the bank. Yet persuasion ethics demand contemplation. As human beings we want to be treated with respect, and we value communications that treat others as an ends, not a means, to use Immanuel Kanf s famous phrase. At the similar time, we are practical creatures, who want to achieve our goals, whether they are financial, social, emotional, or spiritual. The accomplishment of goals—money, esteem, love, or religious fulfillment— requires that we influence others in some fashion somewhere along the way. Is the need to influence contrary with the ethical treatment of human beings? Some scholars would say it always is. Plato, who regarded truth as â€Å"the only reality in life, † was offended by persuasive communication (Golden et al. , 2000, p. 17). As, he regarded rhetoric as a form of adulation that appealed to people’s worst instincts. Although Plato did believe in an ideal rhetoric estimably composed of truth and morality, he did not think that ordinary persuasion measured up to this standard. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant would view persuasion as immoral for a diverse reason: In his view, it uses people, treating them as means to the persuader’s end, not as appreciated ends in themselves (Borchert & Stewart, 1986). This violates Kant’s ethical principles. In a similar fashion, Thomas Nilsen (1974) has argued that persuasion is immoral because a communicator is trying to encourage someone to do something that is in the communicator’s best interest, but not essentially in the best interest of the individual receiving the message. As considerate as these perspectives are, they set up a rather high bar for human communication to reach. What’s more, these authors tend to lump all persuasive communication together. Some communications are certainly false, designed to manipulate people by appealing to base emotions, or are in the interest of the sender and not the receiver. But others are not. Some messages make very intelligent appeals, based on logic and evidence. Additionally, not all persuaders treat people as a means. Therapists and health professionals ordinarily accord clients a great deal of respect. The best counselors treat each person as unique, an inexplicable treasure to be deciphered and understood. Many people who do volunteer work—such as those who counsel teens in trouble or AIDS victims—do not receive great financial benefit from their work. Their communications can be extremely much in the best interest of those receiving the message. On the other extreme are philosophers who argue that persuasion is basically moral. Noting that people are free to recognize or reject a communicator’s message, conservative thinkers tend to embrace persuasion. Believing that people are adequately rational to distinguish between truth and falsehood, libertarian scholars argue that society is best served by diverse persuasive communications that run the gamut from completely truthful to totally fallacious (Siebert, Peterson, & Schramm, 1956). Persuasion, they say, is better than coercion, and people are in any incident free to accept or reject the communicator’s message. There is some understanding in this perspective. However, to say that persuasion is intrinsically moral is an extreme, absolute statement. To suppose that people are capable of maturely rejecting controlling communicators’ messages naively neglects cases in which trusted but evil people exploit others’ vulnerability. What of men who trick or seduce women and then take advantage of their dependence to demand added sexual and emotional favors? Perhaps we would argue that the women chose to get involved with the men—they’re persuaded, not coerced—but it would be heartless to propose that such persuasion is moral. Moreover, the idea that all communication should start somewhere and that the individual or organization that it starts from influences the way the communication is expressed (Forsyth, D. R. , & Kelley, K. N. 1994). The idea that all communication goes somewhere that the sender’s view of what the audience is like will influence how they frame their communication, but that the receiver will also tend to take their own meanings from the communication, despite of what was intended in the first place. Just as students on a course must have to work in a variety of formats, so also they should have to deal with a diversity of audiences so that the effect of audience on what is said and how will be reinforced. All communication is put together with some purpose in mind, whether or not the sender is fully aware of what this is. Again, one can understand the communication and its effects better if one is fully aware of what the real purpose of it is. It must become apparent that what we think someone’s purpose is, is more significant than what it actually is. The pupils will come to understand that we act on postulations when decoding messages. The physical or social situation in which the communication takes place will constantly affect how it is understood, and will perhaps affect how it is put together in the first place. In terms of interpersonal and group communication, it is at least helpful to discuss or simulate examples which may be described as public or private situations so as to get across the force of this concept. Try getting a pupil to role-play behaviour in public that they would usually use at home, and the point will have been made (Dunbar, N. E. , & Allen, T. H. 2003). All communication has to be put into some form such as speech or pictures. Diverse forms have diverse qualities, and different advantages and disadvantages. The form used affects how the communication is put together and understood. Effective communicators weigh up the compensation of the various forms of communication accessible to them. It is often the case that we use more than one type of communication at a time. The number of forms that may be used through the medium of television in an evening news broadcast is a case in point. Students must be allowed to make decisions concerning the use of forms of communication during their course. They must practice the conventions of the form or format. On a more sophisticated level they should grapple the idea that the medium is indeed the message, and that the same message is transformed in various ways once cast in a form other than its original. References: Borchert, D. M. , & Stewart, D. (1986). Exploring ethics. New York: Macmillan. Canary, D. J. , & Spitzberg, B. H. (1990). Attribution biases and associations between conflict strategies and competence outcomes.Communication Monographs, 57, 139-151. Cooper, M. D. , & Nothstine, W. L. (1998). Power persuasion: Moving an ancient art into the media age. (2nd ed. ). Greenwood, IN: Educational Video Group. Dunbar, N. E. , & Allen, T. H. (2003, May). Toward a message-centered approach to attributions regarding interpersonal conflict. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA. Forsyth, D. R. , & Kelley, K. N. (1994). Attribution in groups: Estimations of personal contributions to collective endeavors. Small Group Research, 25, 367-3

The Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in...

The reservation of the Convention on the Rights of a Child (CROC) had played invaluable role in charging the way in which young offenders are dealt with within the Australia Criminal Process. Including the introduction of the theory known as Doli Incapax meaning the age of criminal reasonability, the Young Offender Act 1997 NSW as well new law regarding the rights of a child once they have been arrested. It is evident that these while some of charges are still ineffective in dealing with Young Offenders within the Criminal Justice System the majority of them are in place for the greater good and are assisting young offenders when it relates to the Criminal Justice System. Doli Incapax is just one of the ways in which children are now treated more equally under the law. According to the theory ‘it is presumption that children are incapable of having criminal intent’ which in terms means that children under the age of 10 are unable to be charge with any criminal offence and when relating to children 10 to 13 the prosecution make be able to show that the child at the time of the alleged offence actually know what they were doing was seriously wrong. According to Section 6 of the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 children have rights equal to adult offender and have a right to be heard and participate in criminal proceedings that affect them, children are responsible for their actions however require guidance and assistance and where possible a child should be able toShow MoreRelatedeffectiveness of the criminal justice system when dealing with young offenders1344 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assess the effectiveness of the criminal ju stice system when dealing with young offenders The criminal justice system approaches young offenders through unique policies to address the challenges of dealing with juvenile offending. They take special care when dealing with juveniles in order to stop them from repeat offending and stop any potential bad behaviour which could result in future. Juveniles have the highest tendency to rehabilitate and most adopt law-abiding lifestyles as they mature.Read MoreLegal Studies Assess the effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in dealing with young offenders.1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in dealing with young offenders. There are a few common reasons for young people to be involved in crime. These include poor parental supervision, drug and alcohol abuse, neglect and abuse, homelessness, negative peer associations and difficulties in school and employment. The criminal justice system effectively deals with young offenders through unique techniques to address the challenges of dealing with juvenile offending. Even though young offendersRead MoreLegal - Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System1111 Words   |  5 PagesWithin the criminal justice system discuss the effectiveness of legal and non-legal measures in achieving justice. 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Making clear how and why these two systems came to be a part of youth justice whilst concluding as to which if either is more appropriate in dealing with youth offending behaviourRead MoreWhy The Criminal Justice System Is Responsible For Assisting The Law And Order1522 Words   |  7 Pageswhat the criminal justice system is, which will ultimately help shape the understanding of the system and how it operates. In order to address this, it will look in detail at variety of different sources such as NewBurn (2013) who covers critically on this. This will evidently provide an ease of understanding for showing if the criminal justice system is fair, effective and efficient and whether or not it requires amending. 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